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What is a Computer?

In its most basic form a computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. In that respect the earliest computer was the abacus, used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

Every computer supports some form of input, processing, and output. This is less obvious on a primitive device such as the abacus where input, output and processing are simply the act of moving the pebbles into new positions, seeing the changed positions, and counting. Regardless, this is what computing is all about, in a nutshell. We input information, the computer processes it according to its basic logic or the program currently running, and outputs the results.

Modern computers do this electronically, which enables them to perform a vastly greater number of calculations or computations in less time. Despite the fact that we currently use computers to process images, sound, text and other non-numerical forms of data, all of it depends on nothing more than basic numerical calculations. Graphics, sound etc. are merely abstractions of the numbers being crunched within the machine; in digital computers these are the ones and zeros, representing electrical on and off states, and endless combinations of those. In other words every image, every sound, and every word have a corresponding binary code.

While abacus may have technically been the first computer most people today associate the word “computer” with electronic computers which were invented in the last century, and have evolved into modern computers we know of today.

ENIAC

First Generation Computers (1940s – 1950s)

First electronic computers used vacuum tubes, and they were huge and complex. The first general purpose electronic computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). It was digital, although it didn’t operate with binary code, and was reprogrammable to solve a complete range of computing problems. It was programmed using plugboards and switches, supporting input from an IBM card reader, and output to an IBM card punch. It took up 167 square meters, weighed 27 tons, and consuming 150 kilowatts of power. It used thousands of vacuum tubes, crystal diodes, relays, resistors, and capacitors.

The first non-general purpose computer was ABC (Atanasoff–Berry Computer), and other similar computers of this era included german Z3, ten British Colossus computers, LEO, Harvard Mark I, and UNIVAC.

Second Generation Computers (1955 – 1960)

The second generation of computers came about thanks to the invention of the transistor, which then started replacing vacuum tubes in computer design. Transistor computers consumed far less power, produced far less heat, and were much smaller compared to the first generation, albeit still big by today’s standards.

The first transistor computer was created at the University of Manchester in 1953. The most popular of transistor computers was IBM 1401. IBM also created the first disk drive in 1956, the IBM 350 RAMAC.

Third Generation Computers (1960s)

IBM System/360

The invention of the integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, paved the way for computers as we know them today. Making circuits out of single pieces of silicon, which is a semiconductor, allowed them to be much smaller and more practical to produce. This also started the ongoing process of integrating an ever larger number of transistors onto a single microchip. During the sixties microchips started making their way into computers, but the process was gradual, and second generation of computers still held on.

First appeared minicomputers, first of which were still based on non-microchip transistors, and later versions of which were hybrids, being based on both transistors and microchips, such as IBM’s System/360. They were much smaller, and cheaper than first and second generation of computers, also known as mainframes. Minicomputers can be seen as a bridge between mainframes and microcomputers, which came later as the proliferation of microchips in computers grew.

Fourth Generation Computers (1971 – present)

First microchips-based central processing units consisted of multiple microchips for different CPU components. The drive for ever greater integration and miniaturization led towards single-chip CPUs, where all of the necessary CPU components were put onto a single microchip, called a microprocessor. The first single-chip CPU, or a microprocessor, was Intel 4004.

The advent of the microprocessor spawned the evolution of the microcomputers, the kind that would eventually become personal computers that we are familiar with today.

First Generation of Microcomputers (1971 – 1976)

First microcomputers were a weird bunch. They often came in kits, and many were essentially just boxes with lights and switches, usable only to engineers and hobbyists whom could understand binary code. Some, however, did come with a keyboard and/or a monitor, bearing somewhat more resemblance to modern computers.

It is arguable which of the early microcomputers could be called a first. CTC Datapoint 2200 is one candidate, although it actually didn’t contain a microprocessor (being based on a multi-chip CPU design instead), and wasn’t meant to be a standalone computer, but merely a terminal for the mainframes. The reason some might consider it a first microcomputer is because it could be used as a de-facto standalone computer, it was small enough, and its multi-chip CPU architecture actually became a basis for the x86 architecture later used in IBM PC and its descendants. Plus, it even came with a keyboard and a monitor, an exception in those days.

However, if we are looking for the first microcomputer that came with a proper microprocessor, was meant to be a standalone computer, and didn’t come as a kit then it would be Micral N, which used Intel 8008 microprocessor.

Popular early microcomputers which did come in kits include MOS Technology KIM-1, Altair 8800, and Apple I. Altair 8800 in particular spawned a large following among the hobbyists, and is considered the spark that started the microcomputer revolution, as these hobbyists went on to found companies centered around personal computing, such as Microsoft, and Apple.

Second Generation Microcomputers (1977 – present)

Commodore PET2001 (Image by Tomislav Medak licensed under CC-BY-SA).

As microcomputers continued to evolve they became easier to operate, making them accessible to a larger audience. They typically came with a keyboard and a monitor, or could be easily connected to a TV, and they supported visual representation of text and numbers on the screen.

In other words, lights and switches were replaced by screens and keyboards, and the necessity to understand binary code was diminished as they increasingly came with programs that could be used by issuing more easily understandable commands. Famous early examples of such computers include Commodore PET, Apple II, and in the 80s the IBM PC.

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The nature of the underlying electronic components didn’t change between these computers and modern computers we know of today, but what did change was the number of circuits that could be put onto a single microchip. Intel’s co-founder Gordon Moore predicted the doubling of the number of transistor on a single chip every two years, which became known as “Moore’s Law”, and this trend has roughly held for over 30 years thanks to advancing manufacturing processes and microprocessor designs.

The consequence was a predictable exponential increase in processing power that could be put into a smaller package, which had a direct effect on the possible form factors as well as applications of modern computers, which is what most of the forthcoming paradigm shifting innovations in computing were about.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Macintosh 128k (Image by All About Apple museum licensed under CC-BY-SA-2.5-it)

Possibly the most significant of those shifts was the invention of the graphical user interface, and the mouse as a way of controlling it. Doug Engelbart and his team at the Stanford Research Lab developed the first mouse, and a graphical user interface, demonstrated in 1968. They were just a few years short of the beginning of the personal computer revolution sparked by the Altair 8800 so their idea didn’t take hold.

Instead it was picked up and improved upon by researchers at the Xerox PARC research center, which in 1973 developed Xerox Alto, the first computer with a mouse-driven GUI. It never became a commercial product, however, as Xerox management wasn’t ready to dive into the computer market and didn’t see the potential of what they had early enough.

It took Steve Jobs negotiating a stocks deal with Xerox in exchange for a tour of their research center to finally bring the user friendly graphical user interface, as well as the mouse, to the masses. Steve Jobs was shown what Xerox PARC team had developed, and directed Apple to improve upon it. In 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh, the first mass-market computer with a graphical user interface and a mouse.

Microsoft later caught on and produced Windows, and the historic competition between the two companies started, resulting in improvements to the graphical user interface to this day.

Meanwhile IBM was dominating the PC market with their IBM PC, and Microsoft was riding on their coat tails by being the one to produce and sell the operating system for the IBM PC known as “DOS” or “Disk Operating System”. Macintosh, with its graphical user interface, was meant to dislodge IBM’s dominance, but Microsoft made this more difficult with their PC-compatible Windows operating system with its own GUI.

Portable Computers

Powerbook 150 (Image by Dana Sibera licensed under CC-BY-SA.)

As it turned out the idea of a laptop-like portable computer existed even before it was possible to create one, and it was developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay whom called it the Dynabook and intended it for children. The first portable computer that was created was the Xerox Notetaker, but only 10 were produced.

The first laptop that was commercialized was Osborne 1 in 1981, with a small 5″ CRT monitor and a keyboard that sits inside of the lid when closed. It ran CP/M (the OS that Microsoft bought and based DOS on). Later portable computers included Bondwell 2 released in 1985, also running CP/M, which was among the first with a hinge-mounted LCD display. Compaq Portable was the first IBM PC compatible computer, and it ran MS-DOS, but was less portable than Bondwell 2. Other examples of early portable computers included Epson HX-20, GRiD compass, Dulmont Magnum, Kyotronic 85, Commodore SX-64, IBM PC Convertible, Toshiba T1100, T1000, and T1200 etc.

The first portable computers which resemble modern laptops in features were Apple’s Powerbooks, which first introduced a built-in trackball, and later a trackpad and optional color LCD screens. IBM’s ThinkPad was largely inspired by Powerbook’s design, and the evolution of the two led to laptops and notebook computers as we know them. Powerbooks were eventually replaced by modern MacBook Pro’s.

Of course, much of the evolution of portable computers was enabled by the evolution of microprocessors, LCD displays, battery technology and so on. This evolution ultimately allowed computers even smaller and more portable than laptops, such as PDAs, tablets, and smartphones.

This is a list of laptop brands and manufacturers.

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Brands[edit]

Major brands[edit]

coconics[edit]

Defunct[edit]

• Acorn Computers (United Kingdom) – Deskbook, Desknote and Solonote
• Averatec (South Korea)
• Compaq (United States) (acquired by Hewlett–Packard) – Evo, Armada, LTE, Presario
• Digital Equipment Corporation (United States) (acquired by Compaq) – HiNote
• eMachines (United States) (acquired by Gateway Computers)
• Everex (United States) – CloudBook, gBook
• Fujitsu Siemens (Germany/Japan) (Fujitsu bought out Siemens' share of the company)
• Gateway Computers (United States) (acquired by Acer)
• Gericom (Austria) (acquired by Quanmax AG)
• Itautec (Brazil) (acquired by Oki Electric Industry, PC/laptop division dissolved)^[2]
• Maxdata (Germany)
• OQO (United States)
• PC Club (United States) (Clevo brand)
• Vigor Gaming (United States) – Atlantis, Augustus, Artorius, and Aegis
• Voodoo PC (Canada) – Envy (acquired by Hewlett–Packard)

Defunct computer models[edit]

No longer manufacturing computers[edit]

• BenQ (Taiwan)
• Doel (Bangladesh)
• Epson (Japan)
• HCL (India)
• HTC (Taiwan) – HTC Shift
• IBM (United States) – sold its personal computer and Intel-based server businesses to Lenovo
• Nokia (Finland) – Booklet 3G
• Olivetti (Italy) – Olibook
• Philips (Netherlands) – X200
• Sony (Japan) – VAIO – sold its PC business division to Japan Industrial Partners (JIP); owns 25% of VAIO Corporation
• Wipro (India)

Original design manufacturers (ODMs)[edit]

The vast majority of laptops on the market (94% in 2011) are manufactured by a small handful of Taiwan-based original design manufacturers (ODM), although their production bases are located mostly in mainland China.^[3]

Major relationships include:^[4]

• Quanta sells to (among others) HP, Lenovo, Apple, Acer, Dell, NEC, and Fujitsu
• Compal sells to (among others) Acer, Dell, Lenovo and HP
• Wistron (former manufacturing & design division of Acer) sells to Dell, Acer, Lenovo and HP
• Inventec sells to HP, Dell and Lenovo;
• Pegatron (in 2010, Asus spun off Pegatron) sells to Asus, Apple, Dell, Acer and Microsoft
• Foxconn sells to Asus, Dell, HP and Apple
• Flextronics (former Arima Computer Corporation notebook division) sells to HP

ODM laptop units sold and market shares[edit]

There is a discrepancy between the 2009 numbers due to the various sources cited; i.e. the units sold by all ODMs add up to 144.3 million laptops, which is much more than the given total of 125 million laptops. The market share percentages currently refer to those 144.3 million total. Sources may indicate hard drive deliveries to the ODM instead of actual laptop sales, though the two numbers may be closely correlated.

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See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Strategy Analytics: HP Narrowly Wins #1 Notebook Share Amid Strong Back-to-School Demand'. www.businesswire.com. 2020-08-17. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
2. ^Ventura, Felipe (15 May 2013). 'Itautec desiste do mercado de PCs'. Gizmodo Brasil. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
3. ^'Global and China Laptop and Tablet PC Industry Report, 2011-2012'. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
4. ^ ^ab'Global and China Notebook PC Industry Report, 2010 - ResearchInChina'. researchinchina.com. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
5. ^Quanta Computer Inc. Annual Report 2018(PDF). Quanta Computer Inc. 2019.
6. ^Hsiao, Jim (2017-02-14). 'Taiwan notebooks – 4Q 2016'. DigiTimes. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
7. ^'Taiwan notebooks – 1Q 2016'(PDF). DigiTimes. 31 May 2016.
8. ^Wu, Thompson (19 January 2015). 'Asia Hardware Sector'. Credit Suisse.Missing or empty |url= (help)
9. ^IPD Group. 'Notebook shipments of Taiwan players from 2006-2014 (Jun 15) - World News Report - EIN News'. einnews.com. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
10. ^https://cimbequityresearch.cimb.com/EFAOnTheWeb/EFAWebAPI/GetDocPDF.asp?DocGUID=2D5509A1-9E6C-4B30-8B0C-06CEEF480C45&A=CIMB
11. ^estimate, according to Barclays Capital ResearchArchived 2013-01-17 at Archive.today: Asia ex-Japan IT Hardware Report
12. ^Chuang, Steve (2011-01-14). 'Quanta Regains Lead in Global NB PC Shipment in 2010'. cens.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
13. ^Culpan, Tim (2010-01-18). 'Quanta Seeks New Ventures, Devices After Record Profit in 2009'. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
14. ^ ^abHachman, Mark (2007-05-09). 'The Top Laptop Makers Are Not HP, Dell, or Toshiba'. PC Magazine. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
15. ^'Wistron Corporation 2009 Annual Report translation'(PDF). Wistron. 2010-04-30. p. 31. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
16. ^ ^ab'Inventec's margin grew 4.5% driven by server sector'. www.computex.biz. 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
17. ^ ^abc'Global and China Notebook PC Industry Report, 2009 - ResearchInChina'. researchinchina.com. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
18. ^'ASUSTeK Computer Inc'. ASUS. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
19. ^'Acer loses world's No. 3 notebook-maker spot in Q4'. wantchinatimes.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
20. ^'Growing Notebook & Netbook Market Will Boost Dell's PC Business'. NASDAQ.com. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2015.

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